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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Linux-libre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">Freedo the penguin, mascot of the Linux-libre kernel</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">Linux-libre kernel 3.0.66-1 booting</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Linus Torvalds et al.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America">Free Software Foundation Latin America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">February 20, 2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2008-02-20</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">6.16-gnu<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-6953e368e9d3230b6855c8dd15f633548fa7db44-v20_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-6953e368e9d3230b6855c8dd15f633548fa7db44-v20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-47850fea89c84a5b5c873917ad5b1bd3f6de7d52-v20_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-47850fea89c84a5b5c873917ad5b1bd3f6de7d52-v20-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 

/ 28 July 2025</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="git://linux-libre.fsfla.org/releases.git">linux-libre<wbr>.fsfla<wbr>.org<wbr>/releases<wbr>.git</a></span> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C language">C</a> and <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="I386" title="I386">i386</a>, <a href="IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> (<a href="Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Parabola GNU/Linux-libre">Parabola</a>), <a href="MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a> (<a href="Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>), <a href="Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">m68k</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">IBM POWER8 and above</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GPL-2.0-only" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL-2.0-only">GPL-2.0-only</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/">www<wbr>.fsfla<wbr>.org<wbr>/ikiwiki<wbr>/selibre<wbr>/linux-libre<wbr>/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>According to the <a href="Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America"> Free Software Foundation Latin America</a>, <b>Linux-libre</b> is a modified version of the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> that contains no <a href="Binary_blobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary blobs">binary blobs</a>, <a href="Obfuscation_(software)" title="Obfuscation (software)">obfuscated code</a>, or code released under <a href="Proprietary_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary license">proprietary licenses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Linux kernel, those types of code are mostly used for proprietary <a href="Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> images. While generally redistributable, they do not give the user the freedom to audit, modify, or, consequently, redistribute their modified versions. The <a href="GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a> keeps Linux-libre in synchronization with the <a href="Mainline_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Linux">mainline Linux kernel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Red16Mar22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red16Mar22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> kernel started to include binary blobs in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work to clear out the binary blobs began in 2006 with <a href="GNewSense" title="GNewSense">gNewSense</a>'s find-firmware and gen-kernel. This work was taken further by the <a href="BLAG_Linux_and_GNU" title="BLAG Linux and GNU">BLAG</a> Linux distribution in 2007 when deblob and Linux-libre was born.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blag_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blag-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Linux-libre was first released by the <a href="Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America">Free Software Foundation Latin America</a> (FSFLA), then endorsed by the <a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a valuable component for the totally free Linux distributions. It became a GNU package in March 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-gnu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandre Oliva is the project maintainer.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietary_firmware_removal">Proprietary firmware removal</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3></div>

<p>The removal process is achieved by using a <a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">script</a> called <i>deblob-main</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This script is inspired by the one used for <a href="GNewSense" title="GNewSense">gNewSense</a>. Jeff Moe made subsequent modifications to meet certain requirements for its use with the <a href="BLAG_Linux_and_GNU" title="BLAG Linux and GNU">BLAG Linux and GNU</a> distribution. There is another script called <i>deblob-check</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is used to check if a kernel source file, a <a href="Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patch</a> or a compressed sources file still contains software which is suspected of being proprietary.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3></div>

<p>Aside from the primary intended effect of running a system with only <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>, the practical consequences of removing device firmware that a user is not allowed to study or modify has both positive and negative effects.

</p><p>Removal of device firmware can be considered an advantage for security and stability.

</p><p>When the firmware cannot be audited for bugs, security problems, and malicious functions such as <a href="Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoors</a>, or when the firmware cannot be fixed by the Linux kernel maintainers themselves, even if they know of problems, it is possible for the entire system to be compromised by a malicious firmware. Without the ability to perform a security audit on manufacturer-provided firmware, even an innocent bug could undermine the safety of the running system.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware_support">Hardware support</h3></div>

<p>Removing proprietary firmware from the kernel will cause loss of functionality of certain hardware that does not have a free software replacement available.<sup id="cite_ref-Red16Mar22_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red16Mar22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This affects certain <a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound</a>, <a href="Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">video</a>, <a href="TV_tuner_card" title="TV tuner card">TV tuner</a>, and <a href="Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network</a> cards, especially in the case of recent Intel Wi-Fi cards and recent <a href="Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> graphics cards, as well as some other devices. When possible, free software replacement firmware is provided as a substitute,<sup id="cite_ref-Red16Mar22_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red16Mar22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the openfwwf<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for b43, carl9170<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ath9k_htc<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Wireless_card_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless card driver">wireless card drivers</a>. Reviewer Ramces Red summarized the issue with Linux-Libre, writing, "it does not always have the best hardware support."<sup id="cite_ref-Red16Mar22_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red16Mar22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microcode">Microcode</h3></div>

<p>Linux-libre does not suggest the user install CPU <a href="Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> update bundles, since the code is proprietary.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microcode update bundles have been used in the mainline Linux kernel version, among other things, to mitigate <a href="Hardware_security_bug" title="Hardware security bug">hardware vulnerabilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Availability">Availability</h2></div>

<p>The source code and precompiled packages of the deblobbed Linux kernel are available directly from the distributions which use the Linux-libre scripts. Freed-ora is a subproject which prepares and maintains <a href="RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">RPM</a> packages based on <a href="Fedora_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also precompiled packages for <a href="Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and derived distributions such as <a href="Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distributions">Distributions</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Comparison_of_Linux_distributions#Technical" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">Comparison of Linux distributions § Technical</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributions_in_which_Linux-libre_is_the_default_kernel">Distributions in which Linux-libre is the default kernel</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Dragora_GNU/Linux-Libre" title="Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre">Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre</a></li>

<li><a href="Dyne%3Abolic" title="Dyne:bolic">dyne:bolic</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Guix_System" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Guix System">GNU Guix System</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre">Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre</a></li>

<li><a href="Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Parabola GNU/Linux-libre">Parabola GNU/Linux-libre</a></li></ul>

<p><b>Considered small distributions</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="LibreCMC" title="LibreCMC">libreCMC</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proteanos.com/doc/install/">ProteanOS</a> (If the underlying hardware is not supported, it must be ported.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul>

<p><b>Historical</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Musix_GNU%2BLinux" title="Musix GNU+Linux">Musix GNU+Linux</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributions_that_compile_a_free_Linux_kernel">Distributions that compile a free Linux kernel</h3></div>

<p>These distros do not use the packaged Linux-libre but instead completely remove binary blobs from the mainline Linux kernel. The source is then compiled and the resulting free Linux kernel is used by default in these systems:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> (May install binary blobs with the installer or kernel by default.<sup id="cite_ref-Explaining_Why_We_Don't_Endorse_Other_Systems_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Explaining_Why_We_Don't_Endorse_Other_Systems-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-General_Resolution:_non-free_firmware:_results_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_Resolution:_non-free_firmware:_results-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul>

<dl><dd><ul><li><a href="PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS</a></li></ul></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Trisquel" title="Trisquel">Trisquel</a> (The Linux-libre deblob script is used during its development<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li></ul>

<dl><dd><ul><li><a href="Uruk_GNU/Linux" title="Uruk GNU/Linux">Uruk GNU/Linux</a></li></ul></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Ututo" title="Ututo">Ututo</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p><b>Historical</b>

</p>

<li><a href="GNewSense" title="GNewSense">gNewSense</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It was based on Debian.)</li>

<li><a href="Canaima_(operating_system)" title="Canaima (operating system)">Canaima</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It was based on Debian.)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linux-libre_as_an_alternative_kernel">Linux-libre as an alternative kernel</h3></div>

<p>Distributions in which Linux is the default kernel used and which propose Linux-libre as an alternative kernel:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Fedora_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora (software)">Fedora</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Mandriva-derived (PCLinuxOS, Mageia, OpenMandrivaLx, ROSA Fresh)</li>

<li><a href="OpenSuSE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenSuSE">openSUSE</a> Tumbleweed (via OpenBuildService)</li>

<li><a href="Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="NixOS" title="NixOS">NixOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>, an operating system kernel developed by GNU, which follows the microkernel paradigm</li>

<li><a href="Libreboot" title="Libreboot">Libreboot</a></li>

<li><a href="LibrePlanet" title="LibrePlanet">LibrePlanet</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_computing_mascots" title="List of computing mascots">List of computing mascots</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li>

<li>Category:Computing mascots</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-General_Resolution:_non-free_firmware:_results-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-General_Resolution:_non-free_firmware:_results_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102171923/https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2022/10/msg00001.html">"General Resolution: non-free firmware: results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2022/10/msg00001.html">the original</a> on November 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trisquel.info/en/wiki/documentation">"Documentation | Trisquel GNU/Linux - Run free!"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Byfield2008" class="citation web cs1">Bruce Byfield (August 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linux.com/feature/142772">"Linux-libre project meets rocky reception"</a>. <i><a href="Linux.com" title="Linux.com">Linux.com</a></i>. <a href="SourceForge%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="SourceForge, Inc.">SourceForge, Inc.</a></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFossi2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fossi, Damián (August 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224073447/http://forja.softwarelibre.gob.ve/projects/linux-libre">"Linux-libre: Resumen del proyecto"</a> [Linux-libre: Project summary]. <i>Forja</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forja.softwarelibre.gob.ve/projects/linux-libre/">the original</a> on February 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2001</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.installgentoo.com/wiki/Linux-libre">"Linux-libre"</a>. <i>Install Gentoo Wiki</i>. Gentoo Linux. January 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025074700/http://freeslack.net/">"FreeSlack"</a>. <i>freeslack.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freeslack.net/">the original</a> on October 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeslack.net/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=installation">"installation [FreeSlack Wiki]"</a>. <i>freeslack.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Linux_kernel">"Linux kernel - NixOS Wiki"</a>. <i>Nixos</i>. July 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux-libre" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Linux_kernel514" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kernel19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus's_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li>

<li><a href="SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO disputes</a></li>

<li><a href="Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a></li>

<li><a href="Menuconfig" title="Menuconfig">menuconfig</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures" title="List of Linux-supported computer architectures">Supported computer architectures</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Version history</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Developers

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Linux_Programming_Interface" title="The Linux Programming Interface">The Linux Programming Interface</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux conference">Linux conferences</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Users

<ul><li><a href="Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Werner_Almesberger" title="Werner Almesberger">Werner Almesberger</a></li>

<li><a href="H._Peter_Anvin" title="H. Peter Anvin">H. Peter Anvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jens_Axboe" title="Jens Axboe">Jens Axboe</a></li>

<li><a href="Moshe_Bar_(investor)" title="Moshe Bar (investor)">Moshe Bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Suparna_Bhattacharya" title="Suparna Bhattacharya">Suparna Bhattacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Andries_Brouwer" title="Andries Brouwer">Andries Brouwer</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Garrett" title="Matthew Garrett">Matthew Garrett</a></li>

<li><a href="Avi_Kivity" title="Avi Kivity">Avi Kivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Con_Kolivas" title="Con Kolivas">Con Kolivas</a></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a></li>

<li><a href="Benson_Leung" title="Benson Leung">Benson Leung</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Love" title="Robert Love">Robert Love</a></li>

<li><a href="David_S._Miller" title="David S. Miller">David S. Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ingo Molnár">Ingo Molnár</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Reiser" title="Hans Reiser">Hans Reiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Rusty_Russell" title="Rusty Russell">Rusty Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuah_Khan" title="Shuah Khan">Shuah Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Ts'o" title="Theodore Ts'o">Theodore Ts'o</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Tweedie" title="Stephen Tweedie">Stephen Tweedie</a></li>

<li><a href="Harald_Welte" title="Harald Welte">Harald Welte</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_Wright_(programmer)" title="Chris Wright (programmer)">Chris Wright</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ftrace" title="Ftrace">ftrace</a></li>

<li><a href="Kdump_(Linux)" title="Kdump (Linux)">kdump</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Linux kernel oops</a></li>

<li><a href="SystemTap" title="SystemTap">SystemTap</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Startup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a></li>

<li><a href="System.map" title="System.map">System.map</a></li>

<li><a href="Dracut_(software)" title="Dracut (software)">dracut</a></li>

<li><a href="Initrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Initrd">initrd</a></li>

<li><a href="Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">ABIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">Linux Standard Base</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#SCI" title="Linux kernel interfaces">System Call<br>Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></li>

<li><a href="Select_(Unix)" title="Select (Unix)">select</a></li>

<li><a href="Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">close</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#Additions_to_POSIX" title="Linux kernel interfaces">Linux-only</a>

<ul><li><a href="Futex" title="Futex">futex</a></li>

<li><a href="Epoll" title="Epoll">epoll</a></li>

<li><a href="Splice_(system_call)" title="Splice (system call)">splice</a></li>

<li><a href="Dnotify" title="Dnotify">dnotify</a></li>

<li><a href="Inotify" title="Inotify">inotify</a></li>

<li><a href="Readahead" title="Readahead">readahead</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#In–kernel_APIs" title="Linux kernel interfaces">In-kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Crypto_API_(Linux)" title="Crypto API (Linux)">Crypto API</a></li>

<li><a href="Io_uring" title="Io uring">io uring</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernfs_(Linux)" title="Kernfs (Linux)">kernfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_barrier" title="Memory barrier">Memory barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">Video4Linux</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userspace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">Daemons</a>,<br><a href="Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>bpffs</li>

<li><a href="Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Devfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Devfs">devfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Devpts" title="Devpts">devpts</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li>

<li>hugetlbfs</li>

<li>pipefs</li>

<li><a href="Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li>

<li>securityfs</li>

<li>sockfs</li>

<li><a href="Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>

<li><a href="Kmscon" title="Kmscon">Kmscon</a></li>

<li><a href="Binfmt_misc" title="Binfmt misc">binfmt_misc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wrapper_library" title="Wrapper library">Wrapper<br>libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li>

<li><a href="UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Libhybris" title="Libhybris">libhybris</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">EGLIBC</a></li>

<li><a href="Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Newlib" title="Newlib">Newlib</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cgroups" title="Cgroups">libcgroup</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">libdrm</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">libalsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Evdev" title="Evdev">libevdev</a></li>

<li><a href="Libusb" title="Libusb">libusb</a></li>

<li><a href="Io_uring" title="Io uring">liburing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Kernel modules</a></li>

<li><a href="BlueZ" class="mw-redirect" title="BlueZ">BlueZ</a></li>

<li><a href="Cgroups" title="Cgroups">cgroups</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_console" title="Linux console">Console</a></li>

<li><a href="Bcache" title="Bcache">bcache</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_mapper" title="Device mapper">Device mapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Dm-cache" title="Dm-cache">dm-cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Evdev" title="Evdev">evdev</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernel_same-page_merging" title="Kernel same-page merging">Kernel same-page merging</a> (KSM)</li>

<li><a href="Linux_framebuffer" title="Linux framebuffer">Framebuffer</a></li>

<li><a href="KMS_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="KMS driver">KMS driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Netfilter" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a></li>

<li><a href="Netlink" title="Netlink">Netlink</a></li>

<li><a href="Nftables" title="Nftables">nftables</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Zswap" title="Zswap">zswap</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Scheduling_(computing)#Linux" title="Scheduling (computing)">Process and I/O schedulers</a>:</li>

<li><a href="Brain_Fuck_Scheduler" title="Brain Fuck Scheduler">Brain Fuck Scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Completely_Fair_Scheduler" title="Completely Fair Scheduler">Completely Fair Scheduler</a> (CFS)</li>

<li><a href="Earliest_eligible_virtual_deadline_first_scheduling" title="Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling">Earliest eligible virtual deadline first</a> (EEVDF)</li>

<li><a href="Noop_scheduler" title="Noop scheduler">Noop scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="O(n)_scheduler" title="O(n) scheduler">O(n) scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="O(1)_scheduler" title="O(1) scheduler">O(1) scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_DEADLINE" title="SCHED DEADLINE">SCHED_DEADLINE</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_FIFO" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED FIFO">SCHED_FIFO</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_RR" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED RR">SCHED_RR</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Security_Modules" title="Linux Security Modules">Security Modules</a>: <a href="AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a></li>

<li><a href="Exec_Shield" title="Exec Shield">Exec Shield</a></li>

<li><a href="Seccomp" title="Seccomp">seccomp</a></li>

<li><a href="Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Smack_(software)" title="Smack (software)">Smack</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomoyo_Linux" title="Tomoyo Linux">Tomoyo Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_PAM" title="Linux PAM">Linux PAM</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a>

<li><a href="Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">graphics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Raw_device" title="Raw device">Raw device</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li>

<li><a href="KernelCare" title="KernelCare">KernelCare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kexec" title="Kexec">kexec</a></li>

<li><a href="KGraft" title="KGraft">kGraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Kpatch" title="Kpatch">kpatch</a></li>

<li><a href="Ksplice" title="Ksplice">Ksplice</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mainline_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Linux">Mainline</a>

<ul><li><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a>

<li><a href="Compute_Node_Linux" title="Compute Node Linux">Compute Node Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Slurm_Workload_Manager" title="Slurm Workload Manager">SLURM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a>

<ul><li><a href="RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenomai" title="Xenomai">Xenomai</a></li>

<li><a href="PREEMPT_RT" title="PREEMPT RT">PREEMPT_RT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMU</a>-less

<ul><li><a href="%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a></li>

<li><a href="PSXLinux" title="PSXLinux">PSXLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Virtualization18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Virtualization" title="Virtualization">Virtualization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">Hypervisor</a>

<li><a href="OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">OS-level virtualization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Linux-VServer" title="Linux-VServer">Linux-VServer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lguest" title="Lguest">Lguest</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenVZ" title="OpenVZ">OpenVZ</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Other

<ul><li><a href="L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L4Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="User-mode_Linux" title="User-mode Linux">User-mode Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_Linux" title="Cooperative Linux">coLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rangeof_use48" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range<br>of use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_games_and_Linux" title="Video games and Linux">Gaming</a></li>

<li>Thin client:

<li>Server:

<li><a href="Linux-powered_device" title="Linux-powered device">Devices</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adopters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">List of Linux adopters</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALinux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AFree_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Linux634" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Linux634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Linux" title="History of Linux">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus's_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Booting process</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Kernel oops</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism of Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_desktop_Linux" title="Criticism of desktop Linux">Criticism of desktop Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li>

<li><a href="SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO and Linux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">General comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Distributions list</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_netbook-oriented_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions">Netbook-specific comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux_distributions_that_run_from_RAM" title="List of Linux distributions that run from RAM">Distributions that run from RAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Light-weight_Linux_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-weight Linux distribution">Lightweight</a></li>

<li><a href="Security-focused_operating_system#Linux" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a>

<ul><li><a href="Package_format" title="Package format">Package format</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_software_package_management_systems" title="List of software package management systems">List of software package managers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="LinuxChix" title="LinuxChix">LinuxChix</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Counter" title="Linux Counter">Linux Counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Documentation_Project" title="Linux Documentation Project">Linux Documentation Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">Adopters</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux gaming">Gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_for_mobile_devices" title="Linux for mobile devices">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range of use</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_malware" title="Linux malware">Linux malware</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DistroWatch" title="DistroWatch">DistroWatch</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Free_Software_Magazine" title="Free Software Magazine">Free Software Magazine</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Full_Circle_(magazine)" title="Full Circle (magazine)">Full Circle</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Linux.com" title="Linux.com">Linux.com</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Format" title="Linux Format">Linux Format</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Gazette" title="Linux Gazette">Linux Gazette</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Magazine" title="Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="LinuxUser" title="LinuxUser">LinuxUser</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Ubuntu_User" title="Ubuntu User">Ubuntu User</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Outlaws" title="Linux Outlaws">Linux Outlaws</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Voice" title="Linux Voice">Linux Voice</a></i></li>

<li><a href="LugRadio" title="LugRadio">LugRadio</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoronix_Test_Suite#Phoronix_website" title="Phoronix Test Suite">Phoronix</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_computer_security_certifications" title="List of computer security certifications">Security<br>certifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CompTIA_Linux%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="CompTIA Linux+">CompTIA Linux+</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Foundation_Linux_Certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Foundation Linux Certification">Linux Foundation</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALinux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GNU_Project62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="GNU_Project62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation_of_India" title="Free Software Foundation of India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America">Latin America</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free software</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>

<ul><li><a href="GPL_linking_exception" title="GPL linking exception">linking exception</a></li>

<li><a href="GPL_font_exception" title="GPL font exception">font exception</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>

<li><a href="GNAT_Modified_General_Public_License" title="GNAT Modified General Public License">GNAT Modified General Public License</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> (<a href="GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">variants</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">coreutils</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Find_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Find Utilities">findutils</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Autotools" title="GNU Autotools">Build system</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Binutils" title="GNU Binutils">binutils</a></li>

<li><a href="GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Taler" title="GNU Taler">GNU Taler</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_(software)" title="Electric (software)">GNU Electric</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Archimedes" title="GNU Archimedes">GNU Archimedes</a></li>

<li><a href="GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GNU Privacy Guard</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a> (<a href="GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a>)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Health" title="GNU Health">GNU Health</a></li>

<li><a href="GNUmed" title="GNUmed">GNUmed</a></li>

<li><a href="LilyPond" title="LilyPond">GNU LilyPond</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnash_(software)" title="Gnash (software)">Gnash</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li>

<li><a href="Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Fox_(programmer)" title="Brian Fox (programmer)">Brian Fox</a></li>

<li><a href="Federico_Heinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li>

<li><a href="William_John_Sullivan" title="William John Sullivan">John Sullivan</a></li>

<li>Nagarjuna G.</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard M. Stallman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation_anti-Windows_campaigns" title="Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns">Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns</a></li>

<li><a href="Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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